/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "URI.h"

#include <decaf/lang/Integer.h>
#include <decaf/lang/Character.h>
#include <decaf/internal/net/URIHelper.h>
#include <decaf/internal/util/StringUtils.h>
#include <decaf/internal/net/URIEncoderDecoder.h>

using namespace std;
using namespace decaf;
using namespace decaf::net;
using namespace decaf::internal;
using namespace decaf::internal::net;
using namespace decaf::internal::util;
using namespace decaf::lang;
using namespace decaf::lang::exceptions;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
const std::string URI::unreserved = "_-!.~\'()*";
const std::string URI::punct = ",;:$&+=";
const std::string URI::reserved = punct + "?/[]@";
const std::string URI::someLegal = unreserved + punct;
const std::string URI::allLegal = unreserved + reserved;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI() : uri(), uriString() {
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const URI& uri ) : uri(uri.uri), uriString(uri.uriString) {
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const std::string& uri ) : uri(), uriString(uri) {
    this->parseURI( uri, false );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const std::string& scheme, const std::string& ssp, const std::string& fragment ) : uri(), uriString() {

    std::string uri = "";

    if( scheme != "" ) {
        uri.append( scheme );
        uri.append( ":" );
    }

    if( ssp != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARACTERS
        uri.append( quoteComponent( ssp, allLegal ) );
    }

    if( fragment != "" ) {
        uri.append( "#" );
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARACTERS
        uri.append( quoteComponent( fragment, allLegal ) );
    }

    // Now hand of to the main parse function.
    this->parseURI( uri, false );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const std::string& scheme, const std::string& userInfo,
          const std::string& host, int port,
          const std::string& path, const std::string& query,
          const std::string& fragment ) : uri(), uriString() {

    if( scheme == "" && userInfo == "" && host == "" &&
        path == "" && query == "" && fragment == "" ) {

        return;
    }

    if( scheme != "" && !path.empty() && path.at(0) != '/') {

        throw URISyntaxException(
            __FILE__, __LINE__, path,
            "URI::URI - Path string: %s starts with invalid char '/'" );
    }

    std::string uri = "";
    if( scheme != "" ) {
        uri.append( scheme );
        uri.append( ":" );
    }

    uri.append( "//" );

    if( userInfo != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARACTERS in userinfo
        uri.append(quoteComponent( userInfo, someLegal ) );
        uri.append( "@" );
    }

    if( host != "" ) {
        std::string newHost = host;

        // check for ipv6 addresses that hasn't been enclosed
        // in square brackets
        if( host.find( ":" ) != std::string::npos &&
            host.find( "]" ) == std::string::npos &&
            host.find( "[" ) == std::string::npos ) {

            newHost = std::string( "[" ) + host + "]";
        }

        uri.append( newHost );
    }

    if( port != -1 ) {
        uri.append( ":" );
        uri.append( Integer::toString( port ) );
    }

    if( path != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
        uri.append( quoteComponent( path, "/@" + someLegal ) );
    }

    if( query != "" ) {
        uri.append( "?" );
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
        uri.append( quoteComponent( query, allLegal ) );
    }

    if( fragment != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
        uri.append( "#" );
        uri.append( quoteComponent( fragment, allLegal ) );
    }

    this->parseURI( uri, true );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const std::string& scheme, const std::string& host,
          const std::string& path, const std::string& fragment ) : uri(), uriString() {

    if( scheme == "" && host == "" && path == "" && fragment == "" ) {
        return;
    }

    if( scheme != "" && !path.empty() && path.at(0) != '/') {

        throw URISyntaxException(
            __FILE__, __LINE__, path,
            "URI::URI - Path string: %s starts with invalid char '/'" );
    }

    std::string uri = "";
    if( scheme != "" ) {
        uri.append( scheme );
        uri.append( ":" );
    }

    if( host != "" ) {
        uri.append( "//" );
    }

    if( host != "" ) {
        std::string newHost = host;

        // check for ipv6 addresses that hasn't been enclosed
        // in square brackets
        if( host.find( ":" ) != std::string::npos &&
            host.find( "]" ) == std::string::npos &&
            host.find( "[" ) == std::string::npos ) {

            newHost = std::string( "[" ) + host + "]";
        }

        uri.append( newHost );
    }

    if( path != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
        uri.append( quoteComponent( path, "/@" + someLegal ) );
    }

    if( fragment != "" ) {
        // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
        uri.append( "#" );
        uri.append( quoteComponent( fragment, allLegal ) );
    }

    this->parseURI( uri, true );

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI::URI( const std::string& scheme, const std::string& authority,
          const std::string& path, const std::string& query,
          const std::string& fragment ) : uri(), uriString() {

    if( scheme != "" && !path.empty() && path.at(0) != '/' ) {
         throw URISyntaxException(
            __FILE__, __LINE__, path,
            "URI::URI - Path String %s must start with a '/'" );
     }

     std::string uri = "";

     if( scheme != "" ) {
         uri.append( scheme );
         uri.append( ":" );
     }

     uri.append("//");

     if( authority != "" ) {
         // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
         uri.append( quoteComponent( authority, "@[]" + someLegal ) );
     }

     if( path != "" ) {
         // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
         uri.append( quoteComponent( path, "/@" + someLegal ) );
     }

     if( query != "" ) {
         // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
         uri.append( "?" );
         uri.append( quoteComponent( query, allLegal ) );
     }

     if( fragment != "" ) {
         // QUOTE ILLEGAL CHARS
         uri.append( "#" );
         uri.append( quoteComponent( fragment, allLegal ) );
     }

     this->parseURI( uri, false );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void URI::parseURI( const std::string& uri, bool forceServer ) {

    try{
        this->uri = URIHelper().parseURI( uri, forceServer );
    }
    DECAF_CATCH_RETHROW( URISyntaxException )
    DECAF_CATCHALL_THROW( URISyntaxException )
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int URI::compareTo( const URI& uri ) const {

    int ret = 0;

    // compare schemes
    if( this->uri.getScheme() == "" && uri.getScheme() != "" ) {
        return -1;
    } else if( this->uri.getScheme() != "" && uri.getScheme() == "" ) {
        return 1;
    } else if( this->uri.getScheme() != "" && uri.getScheme() != "" ) {
        ret = StringUtils::compareIgnoreCase(this->uri.getScheme().c_str(), uri.getScheme().c_str());
        if( ret != 0 ) {
            return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
        }
    }

    // compare opacities
    if( !this->uri.isOpaque() && uri.isOpaque() ) {
        return -1;
    } else if( this->uri.isOpaque() && !uri.isOpaque() ) {
        return 1;
    } else if( this->uri.isOpaque() && uri.isOpaque() ) {
        ret = StringUtils::compare(this->getSchemeSpecificPart().c_str(),
                                   uri.getSchemeSpecificPart().c_str());
        if( ret != 0 ) {
            return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
        }
    } else {

        // otherwise both must be hierarchical

        // compare authorities
        if( this->uri.getAuthority() != "" && uri.getAuthority() == "" ) {
            return 1;
        } else if( this->uri.getAuthority() == "" && uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {
            return -1;
        } else if( this->uri.getAuthority() != "" && uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {

            if( this->uri.getHost() != "" && uri.getHost() != "" ) {

                // both are server based, so compare userinfo, host, port
                if( this->getUserInfo() != "" && uri.getUserInfo() == "" ) {
                    return 1;
                } else if( this->getUserInfo() == "" && uri.getUserInfo() != "" ) {
                    return -1;
                } else if( this->getUserInfo() != "" && uri.getUserInfo() != "" ) {
                    ret = StringUtils::compare(this->getUserInfo().c_str(),
                                               uri.getUserInfo().c_str());
                    if( ret != 0 ) {
                        return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
                    }
                }

                // userinfo's are the same, compare hostname
                ret = StringUtils::compareIgnoreCase(this->uri.getHost().c_str(), uri.getHost().c_str());
                if( ret != 0 ) {
                    return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
                }

                // compare port
                if( this->getPort() != uri.getPort() ) {
                    return ( getPort() - uri.getPort() ) > 0 ? 1 : -1;
                }

            } else {

                // one or both are registry based, compare the whole authority
                ret = StringUtils::compare(this->uri.getAuthority().c_str(), uri.getAuthority().c_str());
                if( ret != 0 ) {
                    return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
                }
            }
        }

        // authorities are the same
        // compare paths
        ret = StringUtils::compare(this->getPath().c_str(), uri.getPath().c_str());
        if( ret != 0 ) {
            return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
        }

        // compare queries
        if( this->getQuery() != "" && uri.getQuery() == "" ) {
            return 1;
        } else if( this->getQuery() == "" && uri.getQuery() != "" ) {
            return -1;
        } else if( this->getQuery() != "" && uri.getQuery() != "" ) {
            ret = StringUtils::compare(this->getQuery().c_str(), uri.getQuery().c_str());
            if( ret != 0 ) {
                return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
            }
        }
    }

    // everything else is identical, so compare fragments
    if( this->getFragment() != "" && uri.getFragment() == "" ) {
        return 1;
    } else if( this->getFragment() == "" && uri.getFragment() != "" ) {
        return -1;
    } else if( this->getFragment() != "" && uri.getFragment() != "" ) {
        ret = StringUtils::compare(this->getFragment().c_str(), uri.getFragment().c_str());
        if( ret != 0 ) {
            return ret > 0 ? 1 : -1;
        }
    }

    // identical
    return 0;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::equals( const URI& uri ) const {

    if( ( uri.uri.getFragment() == "" && this->uri.getFragment() != "" ) ||
        ( uri.uri.getFragment() != "" && this->uri.getFragment() == "" ) ) {

        return false;

    } else if( uri.uri.getFragment() != "" && this->uri.getFragment() != "" ) {

        if( !equalsHexCaseInsensitive( uri.uri.getFragment(), this->uri.getFragment() ) ) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    if( ( uri.uri.getScheme() == "" && this->uri.getScheme() != "" ) ||
        ( uri.uri.getScheme() != "" && this->uri.getScheme() == "" ) ) {

        return false;

    } else if( uri.uri.getScheme() != "" && this->uri.getScheme() != "" ) {

        if( StringUtils::compareIgnoreCase(uri.uri.getScheme().c_str(), this->uri.getScheme().c_str() ) != 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    if( uri.uri.isOpaque() && this->uri.isOpaque() ) {

        return equalsHexCaseInsensitive(
            uri.uri.getSchemeSpecificPart(), this->uri.getSchemeSpecificPart() );

    } else if( !uri.uri.isOpaque() && !this->uri.isOpaque() ) {

        if( !equalsHexCaseInsensitive( this->uri.getPath(), uri.uri.getPath() ) ) {
            return false;
        }

        if( ( uri.uri.getQuery() != "" && this->uri.getQuery() == "" ) ||
            ( uri.uri.getQuery() == "" && this->uri.getQuery() != "" ) ) {

            return false;

        } else if( uri.uri.getQuery() != "" && this->uri.getQuery() != "" ) {

            if( !equalsHexCaseInsensitive( uri.uri.getQuery(), this->uri.getQuery() ) ) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        if( ( uri.uri.getAuthority() != "" && this->uri.getAuthority() == "" ) ||
            ( uri.uri.getAuthority() == "" && this->uri.getAuthority() != "" ) ) {

            return false;

        } else if( uri.uri.getAuthority() != "" && this->uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {

            if( ( uri.uri.getHost() != "" && this->uri.getHost() == "" ) ||
                ( uri.uri.getHost() == "" && this->uri.getHost() != "" ) ) {

                return false;

            } else if( uri.uri.getHost() == "" && this->uri.getHost() == "" ) {

                // both are registry based, so compare the whole authority
                return equalsHexCaseInsensitive(
                    uri.uri.getAuthority(), this->uri.getAuthority() );

            } else { // uri.host != "" && host != "", so server-based

                if( StringUtils::compareIgnoreCase(uri.uri.getHost().c_str(), this->uri.getHost().c_str() ) != 0) {
                    return false;
                }

                if( this->uri.getPort() != uri.uri.getPort() ) {
                    return false;
                }

                if( ( uri.uri.getUserInfo() != "" && this->uri.getUserInfo() == "" ) ||
                    ( uri.uri.getUserInfo() == "" && this->uri.getUserInfo() != "" ) ) {

                    return false;

                } else if( uri.uri.getUserInfo() != "" && this->uri.getUserInfo() != "" ) {
                    return equalsHexCaseInsensitive( this->uri.getUserInfo(), uri.uri.getUserInfo() );
                } else {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // no authority
            return true;
        }

    } else {
        // one is opaque, the other hierarchical
        return false;
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::operator==( const URI& value ) const {
    return compareTo( value ) == 0 ? true : false;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::operator<( const URI& value ) const {
    return compareTo( value ) == -1 ? true : false;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::create( const std::string uri ) {

    try {
        return URI( uri );
    } catch( URISyntaxException& e ) {
        throw IllegalArgumentException( e );
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::quoteComponent( const std::string& component,
                                 const std::string& legalset ) {

    try {

        /*
         * Use a different encoder than URLEncoder since: 1. chars like "/",
         * "#", "@" etc needs to be preserved instead of being encoded, 2.
         * UTF-8 char set needs to be used for encoding instead of default
         * platform one
         */
        return URIEncoderDecoder::quoteIllegal(component, legalset);
    }
    DECAF_CATCH_RETHROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
    DECAF_CATCHALL_THROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::encodeOthers( const std::string& src ) const {

    try {
        /*
         * Use a different encoder than URLEncoder since: 1. chars like "/",
         * "#", "@" etc needs to be preserved instead of being encoded, 2.
         * UTF-8 char set needs to be used for encoding instead of default
         * platform one 3. Only other chars need to be converted
         */
        return URIEncoderDecoder::encodeOthers( src );
    }
    DECAF_CATCH_RETHROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
    DECAF_CATCHALL_THROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::decode( const std::string& src ) const {

    if( src == "" ) {
        return src;
    }

    try {
        return URIEncoderDecoder::decode( src );
    }
    DECAF_CATCH_RETHROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
    DECAF_CATCHALL_THROW( decaf::lang::Exception )
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::equalsHexCaseInsensitive( const std::string& first, const std::string& second ) const {

    if( first.find( '%' ) != second.find( '%' ) ) {
        return StringUtils::compare(first.c_str(), second.c_str()) == 0;
    }

    std::size_t index = 0;
    std::size_t previndex = 0;

    while( ( index = first.find( '%', previndex ) ) != string::npos &&
           second.find( '%', previndex ) == index ) {

        bool match = first.substr( previndex, index - previndex ) ==
                     second.substr( previndex, index - previndex );

        if( !match ) {
            return false;
        }

        match = StringUtils::compareIgnoreCase(first.substr(index + 1, 3).c_str(),
                                               second.substr(index + 1, 3).c_str()) == 0;

        if( !match ) {
            return false;
        }

        index += 3;
        previndex = index;
    }

    return first.substr( previndex ) == second.substr( previndex );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::convertHexToLowerCase( const std::string& s ) const {

    string result = "";

    if( s.find('%') == string::npos ) {
        return s;
    }

    std::size_t index = 0;
    std::size_t previndex = 0;

    while( ( index = s.find( '%', previndex ) ) != string::npos ) {
        result.append( s.substr( previndex, ( index - previndex ) + 1 ) );

        string temp = s.substr( index + 1, 3 );

        for( size_t i = 0; i < temp.length(); ++i ) {
            result.append(1, Character::toLowerCase(temp.at(i)));
        }

        index += 3;
        previndex = index;
    }

    return result;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::normalize( const std::string& path ) const {

    if( path == "" ) {
        return path;
    }

    // count the number of '/'s, to determine number of segments
    std::size_t index = -1;
    std::size_t pathlen = path.length();
    unsigned int size = 0;

    if( pathlen > 0 && path.at(0) != '/' ) {
        size++;
    }

    while( ( index = path.find( '/', index + 1 ) ) != string::npos ) {
        if( index + 1 < pathlen && path.at( index + 1 ) != '/' ) {
            size++;
        }
    }

    std::vector<string> seglist( size );
    std::vector<bool> include( size );

    // break the path into segments and store in the list
    std::size_t current = 0;
    std::size_t index2 = 0;

    index = ( pathlen > 0 && path.at(0) == '/' ) ? 1 : 0;
    while( ( index2 = path.find( '/', index + 1 ) ) != string::npos ) {
        seglist[current++] = path.substr( index, index2 - index );
        index = index2 + 1;
    }

    // if current==size, then the last character was a slash
    // and there are no more segments
    if( current < size ) {
        seglist[current] = path.substr( index );
    }

    // determine which segments get included in the normalized path
    for( unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++ ) {

        include[i] = true;

        if( seglist[i] == ".." ) {

            int remove = i - 1;

            // search back to find a segment to remove, if possible
            while( remove > -1 && !include[remove] ) {
                remove--;
            }

            // if we find a segment to remove, remove it and the ".."
            // segment
            if( remove > -1 && !( seglist[remove] == "..")  ) {
                include[remove] = false;
                include[i] = false;
            }

        } else if( seglist[i] == "." ) {
            include[i] = false;
        }
    }

    // put the path back together
    string newpath;
    if( path.at(0) == '/' ) {
        newpath.append( "/" );
    }

    for( unsigned int i = 0; i < seglist.size(); i++ ) {
        if( include[i] ) {
            newpath.append( seglist[i] );
            newpath.append( "/" );
        }
    }

    // if we used at least one segment and the path previously ended with
    // a slash and the last segment is still used, then delete the extra
    // trailing '/'
    if( path.at( path.length() - 1 ) != '/' && seglist.size() > 0 &&
        include[seglist.size() - 1] ) {

        newpath.erase( newpath.length() - 1, 1 );
    }

    string result = newpath;

    // check for a ':' in the first segment if one exists,
    // prepend "./" to normalize
    index = result.find(':');
    index2 = result.find('/');

    if( index != string::npos && ( index < index2 || index2 == string::npos ) ) {
        newpath.insert( 0, "./" );
        result = newpath;
    }

    return result;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::normalize() const {

    if( isOpaque() ) {
        return *this;
    }

    string normalizedPath = normalize( this->uri.getPath() );

    // if the path is already normalized, return this
    if( this->uri.getPath() == normalizedPath ) {
        return *this;
    }

    // get an exact copy of the URI re-calculate the scheme specific part
    // since the path of the normalized URI is different from this URI.
    URI result = *this;
    result.uri.setPath( normalizedPath );
    result.setSchemeSpecificPart();

    return result;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void URI::setSchemeSpecificPart() {

    // ssp = [//authority][path][?query]
    string ssp;

    if( this->uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {
        ssp.append( string("//") + this->uri.getAuthority() );
    }

    if( this->uri.getPath() != "" ) {
        ssp.append( this->uri.getPath() );
    }

    if( this->uri.getQuery() != "" ) {
        ssp.append( "?" + this->uri.getQuery() );
    }

    this->uri.setSchemeSpecificPart( ssp );

    // reset string, so that it can be re-calculated correctly when asked.
    this->uriString = "";
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::parseServerAuthority() const {

    URI newURI = *this;

    if( !newURI.uri.isServerAuthority() ) {
        newURI.uri = URIHelper().parseAuthority( true, this->uri.getAuthority() );
    }

    return newURI;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::relativize( const URI& relative ) const {

    if( relative.isOpaque() || this->isOpaque() ) {
        return relative;
    }

    if( this->uri.getScheme() == "" ? relative.uri.getScheme() != "" :
        this->uri.getScheme() != relative.uri.getScheme() ) {

        return relative;
    }

    if( this->uri.getAuthority() == "" ? relative.uri.getAuthority() != "" :
        this->uri.getAuthority() != relative.uri.getAuthority() ) {

        return relative;
    }

    // normalize both paths
    string thisPath = normalize( this->uri.getPath() );
    string relativePath = normalize( relative.uri.getPath() );

    /*
     * if the paths aren't equal, then we need to determine if this URI's
     * path is a parent path (begins with) the relative URI's path
     */
    if( thisPath != relativePath ) {

        // if this URI's path doesn't end in a '/', add one
        if( thisPath.empty() || thisPath.at( thisPath.length() - 1 ) != '/' ) {
            thisPath = thisPath + '/';
        }

        /*
         * if the relative URI's path doesn't start with this URI's path,
         * then just return the relative URI; the URIs have nothing in
         * common
         */
        if( relativePath.find( thisPath ) != 0 ) {
            return relative;
        }
    }

    URI result;
    result.uri.setFragment( relative.uri.getFragment() );
    result.uri.setQuery( relative.uri.getQuery() );
    // the result URI is the remainder of the relative URI's path
    result.uri.setPath( relativePath.substr( thisPath.length() ) );
    result.setSchemeSpecificPart();

    return result;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::resolve( const URI& relative ) const {

    if( relative.isAbsolute() || this->isOpaque() ) {
        return relative;
    }

    URI result;
    if( relative.uri.getPath() == "" && relative.uri.getScheme() == "" &&
        relative.uri.getAuthority() == "" && relative.uri.getQuery() == "" &&
        relative.uri.getFragment() != "" ) {

        // if the relative URI only consists of fragment,
        // the resolved URI is very similar to this URI,
        // except that it has the fragment from the relative URI.
        result = *this;
        result.uri.setFragment( relative.uri.getFragment() );
        result.uriString = "";

        // no need to re-calculate the scheme specific part,
        // since fragment is not part of scheme specific part.
        return result;
    }

    if( relative.uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {

        // if the relative URI has authority,
        // the resolved URI is almost the same as the relative URI,
        // except that it has the scheme of this URI.
        result = relative;
        result.uri.setScheme( this->uri.getScheme() );
        result.uri.setAbsolute( this->uri.isAbsolute() );
        result.uriString = "";

    } else {

        // since relative URI has no authority,
        // the resolved URI is very similar to this URI,
        // except that it has the query and fragment of the relative URI,
        // and the path is different.
        result = *this;
        result.uri.setFragment( relative.uri.getFragment() );
        result.uri.setQuery( relative.uri.getQuery() );
        result.uriString = "";

        if( relative.uri.getPath().at(0) == '/' ) {
            result.uri.setPath( relative.uri.getPath() );
        } else {
            // resolve a relative reference
            std::size_t endindex = this->uri.getPath().find_last_of('/') + 1;
            result.uri.setPath( normalize(
                this->uri.getPath().substr( 0, endindex ) + relative.uri.getPath() ) );
        }

        // re-calculate the scheme specific part since
        // query and path of the resolved URI is different from this URI.
        result.setSchemeSpecificPart();
    }

    return result;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URI URI::resolve( const std::string& relative ) const {

    return resolve( create( relative ) );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
string URI::toString() const {

    if( this->uriString == "" ) {

        string result = "";

        if( this->uri.getScheme() != "" ) {
            result.append( this->uri.getScheme() );
            result.append( ":" );
        }

        if( this->isOpaque() ) {
            result.append( this->uri.getSchemeSpecificPart() );
        } else {

            if( this->uri.getAuthority() != "" ) {
                result.append( "//" );
                result.append( this->uri.getAuthority() );
            }

            if( this->uri.getPath() != "" ) {
                result.append( this->uri.getPath() );
            }

            if( this->uri.getQuery() != "" ) {
                result.append( "?" );
                result.append( this->uri.getQuery() );
            }
        }

        if( this->uri.getFragment() != "" ) {
            result.append( "#" );
            result.append( this->uri.getFragment() );
        }

        this->uriString = result;
    }

    return this->uriString;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
URL URI::toURL() const {

    if( !this->isAbsolute() ) {
        throw IllegalArgumentException(
            __FILE__, __LINE__,
            "URI is not absolute, cannot convert to an URL." );
    }

    return URL( this->toString() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getAuthority() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getAuthority() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getFragment() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getFragment() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getHost() const {
    return this->uri.getHost();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getPath() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getPath() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int URI::getPort() const {
    return this->uri.getPort();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getQuery() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getQuery() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawAuthority() const {
    return this->uri.getAuthority();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawFragment() const {
    return this->uri.getFragment();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawPath() const {
    return this->uri.getPath();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawQuery() const {
    return this->uri.getQuery();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawSchemeSpecificPart() const {
    return this->uri.getSchemeSpecificPart();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getRawUserInfo() const {
    return this->uri.getUserInfo();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getScheme() const {
    return this->uri.getScheme();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getSchemeSpecificPart() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getSchemeSpecificPart() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
std::string URI::getUserInfo() const {
    return this->decode( this->uri.getUserInfo() );
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::isAbsolute() const {
    return this->uri.isAbsolute();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool URI::isOpaque() const {
    return this->uri.isOpaque();
}